Cell phone use should be banned while driving Essay

Phone use ought to be restricted while driving - Essay Example 80 percent of accidents are identified with driver absentmindedness. There are sure exercises that might be more risky than chatting on a mobile phone. Be that as it may, mobile phone use happens more as often as possible and for longer lengths than other, more dangerous practices. In this way, the #1 wellspring of driver negligence is cell phones† (Cell Phone Use While Driving Fact Sheet, 2009) The above insights plainly show the relationship of PDAs in street mishaps and furthermore the level of harms it can cause to people in general and the general public. PDA utilizations while driving ought to be denied lawfully so as to forestall such gigantic misfortunes of lives and property and this paper contends for forbidding phone uses while driving. â€Å"Drivers who use mobile phones are multiple times bound to be in an accident while utilizing a cell phone† (Cell Phone Use While Driving Fact Sheet, 2009) Driving is a craftsmanship which requires the co-appointment of hands, legs and eyes together. In addition the driver’s brain ought to be centered around what's going on in front and at the back while driving so as to take brief choices. Part of dynamic is required while driving. Any defective choice can make mishaps. It is incomprehensible for a driver to take appropriate driving choices while utilizing the mobile phones. The substance of the correspondence may be positive or negative; in both the cases it can bring about the mind-set changes of the driver and in this manner his attention on driving will be diminished and mishap likelihood can be expanded. Indeed, even while taking out the phones or working it; the driver’s consideration can be occupied. One second is sufficient for a mishap to occur. We are living in a distressing world and our psyche consistently disturbed with certain musings. The data we get from opposite side while utilizing mobile phones may not be in every case great. For instance, a business official can get some blazing words from his boss while driving, in light of phones.

Shaelins NaNoWriMo Story Preptober Special

Shaelins NaNoWriMo Story Preptober Special Shaelin's NaNoWriMo Story: Preptober Special Shaelin Bishop is an essayist, YouTuber, and an individual from the group here at Reedsy. She’s likewise a veteran of the 30-day novelâ writing rivalry NaNoWriMo, having participated in it for a long time. In this softly altered transcript of her video, she uncovers her own involvement in the opposition. Reedsy's @shaelinbishop shares her experience as a 5-time #NaNoWriMo victor At the time this is distributed, it's close to the finish of October. In case you're doing NaNoWriMo, you're presumably entirely all set and haveâ done the vast majority of the prep or all the prep you needed to do.Unless you tailed me on my own channel route back when I was doing NaNoWriMo (which was a quite a while prior), you won't have heard me talk about my own composing venture. With November practically around the bend, I figured it would be a decent chance to share my NaNoWriMo venture and simply talk about the advantages it had for me and how it molded me as a writer.I did NaNoWriMo multiple times: each and every year I was in secondary school beginning in 2010 when I was 13 years of age. I saw the term skim around on arbitrary internet based life. I found it, and when I understood what NaNoWriMo was, I resembled, That sounds great. I need to have a go at doing that.At the time I was composing a novel. Rather than holding up until one year from now (since when you're 13 tha t appears to be so distant), I made a record, and I joined. I was utilizing the Young Writers Program where you can set your own assertion objective. I simply set my own statement objective for 15,000, and I did NaNoWriMo for like multi week and that was my first NaNoWriMo experience. Completing my first bookWhat has your involvement in NaNoWriMo been similar to? In the event that you have any inquiries for Shaelin, or considerations on this yearly rivalry, drop them in the remarks underneath.

Cool UROP position

Cool UROP position Just a reminderthere are a lot of new UROP opportunities for IAP, heres an example of a cool project: Sociable Robot Applications Hardware The Robotic Life group in the Media Lab is looking for a UROP to help with a project applying sociable robots to the real-world problem of obesity. This project intends to help people who are trying to lose weight to be more successful for a longer period of time. Responsibilities of this UROP position include integrating a wireless pedometer into the system and making a bathroom scale talk wirelessly to the system. Interested students should have some experience with both hardware and software of wireless systems, preferably some experience with Bluetooth or other relevant networking protocol. Job is essentially hacking existing hardware to add wireless capabilities and seamlessly integrate them into our system. Interest in robotics and real-world applications of technology is important! Position will begin in IAP or spring semester and could last for one semester up to one year. After the integration of the system is complete, we will be giving the system to actual users to perform a 6 month or longer study. Faculty advisor is Dr. Cynthia Breazeal (http://web.media.mit.edu/~cynthiab) and graduate student youll be working with is Cory Kidd (http://web.media.mit.edu/~coryk). If youre interested or have questions, please contact Cory at [emailprotected]

Biography of Euripides - 1861 Words

Chapter 1: Euripides Biography Part 1: Bob Prescott Euripides lived in a very mysterious time. We know so little about the era in which he lived because of the loss of many ancient manuscripts at the burning of the Library of Alexandria. Given this massive loss of knowledge of the pre-modern world, it is hard to cobble together a full biography of Euripides. There is, however quite a lot of information known about him. This is known due to the fact that Euripides is a character in some of Aristophanes’ and the other comic poet’s comedies. The largest comprehensive collection of information on the playwright, however, is from a biography called â€Å"The Life of Euripides† by Satyrus of Callatis (Lefkowitz 87). The play that we have chosen to†¦show more content†¦Or perhaps, he, like many writers, preferred to write in solitude. Throughout his life, Euripides married twice and had three sons. His wives were Melito and Choirile and his sons were named Mnesarchides, Mnesilochus, and Euripides. Two of his sons, Mnesilochus and Euripides, followed in their father’s footsteps and became an actor and producer, respectively (Satyrus 153). Satyrus mentions in his Vita that Euripides’ first wife was unfaithful, to which Lefkowitz adds that she slept with their slave, Cephisophon (Lefkowitz 97). Satyrus explains that after discovering that she had committed adultery, he penned Hippolytus, â€Å"in which he exposes women’s immorality.† (154) After remarrying, Euripides discovered that his second wife was also unfaithful. This was said to make him â€Å"even more eager to slander women.† (Satyrus 154) Speculation of how Euripides’ works were perceived when they were new is a difficult concept. Given how male-dominated society was at the time, a safe assumption is that Hippolytus was well-accepted, as were many of his other works. Medea, as another example, was probably well accepted by Greeks because of its superficial display of women and foreigners. Today, the play is known to be an interesting analysis of a complex character oppressed by society, but in ancient times, it is uncertain whether the theatre patrons would have seen past the surface. At some point in hisShow MoreRelatedComparison of Medea by Euripides, Jean Anouilh and Wesley Enouch2675 Words   |  11 Pagessocial origins firmly in Ancient Greece. Since originally being written by Euripides, the play has been rewritten and reinterpreted by many different playwrights and directors throughout history. Each time the Meda has been re-imagined, it takes on different meaning, born from the context of the playwright and the message they wish to convey through this powerful play. This essay will cover the original play by Euripides, as well as the versions from Jean Anouilh and Wesley Enouch. It wi ll discussRead MoreQuestions On Ancient Greek Theatre1413 Words   |  6 Pagesannual festival of Dionysus. As how these kinds of ritual activities beg plump become the first tragedy and comedy, academia unknown. It achieved its peak resulting in the 6th century BC, and the 5th century BC. Aeschylus Rees, Sophocles, Euripides, this three tragedian, their highest achievements of each period not only represents a process of the ancient Greek tragedy art a rise to prosperity and decadence, but also reflects the development of slave egalitarian social life at different stagesRead MoreHelen Of Troy1455 Words   |  6 Pageswoman in the world. By marriage she was Queen of Laconia, a province within Homeric Greece, the wife of King Menelaus. Her abduction by Paris, Prince of Troy, brought about the Trojan War. Elements of her putative biography come from classical authors such as Aristophanes, Cicero, Euripides and Homer (both The Iliad and The Odyssey). In her youth she was abducted by, or eloped with, Theseus, and in some accounts bore him a child. A competition between her suitors for her hand in marriage sees MenelausRead MoreA True Classical German Theatre1945 Words   |  8 Pagesreporting of past events† ), also contains patriotic elements, which appear to be foreshadowing the threat bought by France and Napoleon The moral education that classical drama offers with its rich array of tragedies by authors such as Sophocles and Euripides is one which is also particularly influential during Weimar Classicism, as Goethe’s version of Euripide’s ΙϕÎ ¹ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ½ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ± proves. Rather than delving into the way plots with particularly controversial characters are dealt with and how these influenceRead MoreEliot as Dramatist1935 Words   |  8 PagesWashington University in St. Louis. Isaac Stearns on his mothers side was one of the original settlers of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Henry, Eliots father, was a prosperous industrialist and his mother Charlotte was a poet. She wrote among others a biography of William Greenleaf Eliot. Eliot attended Smith Academy in St. Louis and Milton Academy in Massachusetts. In 1906 he went to Harvard, where he contributed poetry to Harvard Advocate. After receiving his B.A. in 1909, Eliot spent a year inRead More Contributions to Western Civilization Made by Ancient Greece and Rome2004 Words   |  9 Pagesof the main types of Greek drama, tragedy, â€Å"Tragedy dealt with the big themes of love, loss, pride, the abuse of power and the fraught relationships between men and gods† (Types of Greek Drama). Famous playwrights such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes have influenced many of history’s greatest playwrights and continue to do so even to this day. The Greeks also produced countless sculptures and paintings which accentuated the natural beauty of the human body. Although many ofRead MoreThe Renaissance and It’s Affect on William Shakespeare’s Works2369 Words   |  10 Pageshistory and mythology for ideas in his pla ys. Before the Renaissance age these texts would have been suppressed by the Church. The genre of tragedy is rooted in the Greek dramas of Aeschylus (525-456 B.C., e.g. the Oresteia and Prometheus Bound), Euripides (ca. 480?-405 B.C., e.g. Medeaand The Trojan Women) and Sophocles (496-406 B.C., e.g. Oedipus Rex and Antigone). While Shakespeare probably did not know Greek tragedy directly, he would have been familiar with the Latin adaptations of Greek dramaRead MoreA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen7379 Words   |  30 Pages a care that at all times has been seen as a woman’s responsibility and obligation as it was also to Antigone† (qtd. in Eankanabaram). The critic Jan Kott noted how the tragic action of Torvald and Nora re-enacts another well known Greek play—Euripides’ Alcestis—in which a wife dies to save her husband, as Nora figuratively does In Act II when she decides on suicide to spare her husband from humiliation (qtd. in Eankanabaram). Apparently, the statements of the critics contribute to viewing theRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pagesseek legislation, Gore did not advocate censorship but urges communication between parents and children. Dee Snider, lead singer of Twisted Sister, in response also wrote a book on adolescents and music, and Frank Zappa devoted two chapters in his biography to the censorship debate (Snider and Bashe 1987; Zappa 1989). The PMRC sought to establish coalitions with several other organizations in an attempt to form a broad national front of concern (e.g. it formed a coalition with the National ParentsRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagestaken just to mean ‘to lead an army’ (Liddell and Scott 1871).) He even contends that the underlying principles of strategy were discussed by Homer, Euripides and many other early writers. This might come as a surprise to Homer and Euripides. Homer (an oral poet who never wrote) sings of the confrontations and machinations of Wghting heroes. Euripides, the playwright, unfolds stories where complex motives and excessive ambition, desire, and lust lead inevitably to tragedy, nemesis, and, too late

King Lear And Tuesdays With Morrie - 1507 Words

Wisdom is an absolutely valued and loved trait in our community and is associated mutually with the elderly people. In both texts, King Lear by William Shakespeare and Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom, one of the main characters in both texts, King Lear and Morrie Schwartz, were experienced to develop intelligence afterwards undergoing suffering and troubles. However, both these men began their investigations in different ways. Morrie infinitely emphasized the worth of community and comfort, meanwhile King Lear drill these as light as a feather pursuits which nothing should go wrong which would affect his ego. Morrie was disappointed unexpectedly things were in his family, meanwhile King Lear did not care to the point of queasiness for it and granted it. Morrie viewed death as far and wide natural and eventually a person to look up to in future, at the same time King Lear again wanted to reside the career of a king notwithstanding dividing his land and building between his daughte rs. Despite being as absolutely different in both perspective and beliefs initially, both King Lear and Morrie came to materialize true wisdom by experiencing a specific of continuance which we act with regard to as a phenomena; death. Both these sensible, elderly men differ in values when it came to life. Morrie believed entire life was to distance rather perish than to reside a career without any pity, as he says, If you don t have the support and love and caring and concern that you getShow MoreRelatedThe Tuesdays With Morrie And King Lear2092 Words   |  9 Pagescharacteristics of a wise individual. In both Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom and King Lear by William Shakespeare, the protagonists Morrie and Lear are able to acquire wisdom after undergoing hardships and tribulations. Morrie is undeniably wiser than Lear as shown through his view of society, family, and his philosophies revolving around forgiveness and suffering. By analyzing the two characters, it is evident that Morrie is wiser than King Lear in terms of his concern for society as a wholeRead MoreShakespeares King Lear vs. Tuesdays with Morrie1495 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Existentialism was in part a reaction to modernism, but its roots can be traced to ancient philosophical traditions ranging from Zoroastrianism and Judaism, Buddhism and Platonism (Flynn). The essence of existentialism is authenticity of experience, asking the philosopher to undergo deep introspection. However, existentialism is perhaps most famous for its probing questions about what Friedrich Nietzsche called the tension of the soul, (2). Known colloquially as existential angst, the tensionRead MoreComparing Shakespeares King Lear with Mitch Alboms Tuesdays with Morrie1066 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares King Lear versus Tuesdays with Morrie William Shakespeares King Lear is a tragedy of a king who is unable to comprehend the truth of the human condition until he is stripped of his kingdom, family, and the basic components of human dignity. At the end of his existence, even the one person who he loved, his daughter Cordelia, is taken away. Similarly, Morrie Schwartz in the popular nonfiction book Tuesdays with Morrie does not fully come to terms with himself and what is valuable inRead MoreWisdom in King Lear by William Shakespeare and Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom1174 Words   |  5 Pagesboth King Lear by William Shakespeare and Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom, the protagonists were able to acquire wisdom after undergoing trials and tribulations. However, both these men began their quest as completely different people, polar opposites even. Morrie always emphasized the value of family and love, while King Lear saw these as trivial pursuits which at best can be used to elevate his ego. Morrie was disappointe d by the way things were in his society, while initially King Lear didRead MoreComparison: Tuesdays With Morrie, by Mitch Albom King Lear, by William Shakespeare1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmost of their time on earth. In Tuesdays With Morrie by Mitch Albom, the lead character Morrie Schwartz was diagnosed with the fatal disease Lou Gerrig’s Disease, also know as ALS. Although many people would fall into a deep pit of self loathing and regret, Morrie Schwartz took the opportunity to teach people about life and love. He surrounded himself with friends, and loved-ones in his final days. Contrary to Morrie’s attitude, Lear, in William Shakespeares King Lear, treats death as a negative thingRead MoreWisdom of Realization1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough suffering. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"King Lear† and Mitch Albom’s â€Å"Tuesdays with Morrie†, we see that both main characters Morrie Schwartz and King Lear gain wisdom through realizations of cer tain aspects of life and through their own personal sufferings. Both Morrie and Lear gain wisdom firstly through suffering. Morrie gains wisdom through suffering physically from ALS and having to come to terms that he is no longer independent and never will be. While Lear must suffer through the fact that perhaps

Learned Helplessness in the Workplace Free Essays

string(80) " it seems she figured if she couldn’t beat her parents, she should join them\." Running Head: Learned Helplessness in the Workplace Paper Learned Helplessness in the Workplace Psychology 320 November 22, 2010 Professor: Sprinkle Abstract In the late 1960’s and early 1970s Mr. Martin Seligman began to study what effects surroundings have on not only animals, but human beings. His studies were an attempt to determine what ramifications outside influences could have on a live beings motivation and drive for success. We will write a custom essay sample on Learned Helplessness in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now He started his studies by giving rats electric shocks. They were inadvertent and without cause, and this was so the rats had no way of reasoning what could cause or prevent the shocks, and how to avoid them. What he found, was that eventually the rats would give up on trying to avoid or escape the shocks. Seligman eventually applied these studies to human infants and what he discovered was a theory he deemed, â€Å"Learned Helplessness. † Learned Helplessness in the Workplace When Martin Seligman chose to study human infants and the effects of outside influences, he wanted to determine whether a lack of control over one’s surroundings could lead to a lack in motivation. What he found was that just like the rats, humans would learn helplessness, and hence the reason his theory is known as the Learned Helplessness Theory. In short, the theory states that with no control over one’s surroundings, the response will be helplessness. He also found that those who learn this will have an interference with the rest of their development. They may have emotional problems along with anxiety and depression as adults. One of the ways that Seligman believed children learned helplessness was if there was no correlation between actions and there outcome. Just like the rats who tried to escape but where still punished with shocks, they felt that no matter what they did the outcome would be the same. Children who had parents with poor parenting skills or who didn’t recognize their successes, learned that no matter what they did, it didn’t change the outcome. Kids who struggled in school may begin to fail repeatedly as they would feel that even if they did try, they would fail. People who have learned helplessness suffer from low self-esteem, and tend to blame themselves for everything While studying learned helplessness in humans, Seligman found that it also can be associated with different ways of thinking about the events that form person’s â€Å"explanatory style. † Seligman believed there were three major components of explanatory style associated with learned helplessness. He termed those as permanence, pervasiveness, and personalization. Permanence pertained to the idea that no matter what happens or the events leading up to them, the outcomes were in fact permanent. Pervasiveness referred to the thought that if something negative happened in one situation it would happen in other situations as well. For instance if a person struggles with math, they then assume they are stupid and struggle in every aspect. Personalization, the third and final component of explanatory style, refers to whether one will attribute negative events to their own flaws or to outside circumstances or other people. Most people with Learned Helplessness will attribute everything to their own flaws or shortcomings. Seligman believes in order to help a person overcome Learned Helplessness; they must strive to Learn Optimism. He believes parents and others who celebrate young kid’s mastery of new subjects can lead to optimism as well as their own attitudes toward life. In my own position as a business owner, I believe I have employed a young woman and possibly a few others with who had learned helplessness. There is one young woman in particular who seemed to struggle with the struggles Seligman outlined in his theory. I felt a daily battle in trying to convince her she could change her life and the outcomes of the events in her life if she became motivated. When I bought my health club Cassie was the young woman who was the receptionist at the front desk. What I quickly learned was that Cassie had two drug addicted parents who had spent her entire life beating each other up, a father who was in and out of jail who tried to use her to get drugs, and a mother who tried to get her to do drugs with her. I quickly recognized in Cassie the ability to be different than her upbringing, but I couldn’t see a desire from her to get there. She had an inner voice that told her she never could be successful, as mediocrity was all she felt she deserved. I rewarded her for her work in attempt to motivate her, but it seemed no matter what promotion or reward I offered I couldn’t get her motivated to make changes in her life. She would come to work on time, and do what was asked of her, but I never saw any motivation to rise above and excel to the next level, even though I could see she was naturally intelligent and capable of many things. I felt for Cassie as I am not sure she ever had a chance given her parents, but I couldn’t change her as I so wished I could. No amount of positive praise or reward could convince Cassie that she could change her life, even though her intelligence was high and her ability was great. She just didn’t believe it was possible. I tried for four years to be a role model for Cassie, and there were many days when I thought she was making the choices to change her life, but she never followed through as she really believed change for her was impossible. Cassie had tried for her entire youth rise above both her parents, but eventually she felt no matter what she did the end was inevitable. It’s as if she predetermined her future by thinking it was going to be the worst future possible. In the end it seems she figured if she couldn’t beat her parents, she should join them. You read "Learned Helplessness in the Workplace" in category "Papers" I tried very hard to be a positive impact for Cassie and help change her life, but the damage that she had incurred seemed to be too great. No matter what I did, she couldn’t become an optimist or change the way she felt about the outside influences in her life. No matter how hard I encouraged or pushed her in a positive direction, she always wound up back on the bottom because she truly believed that is where she belonged. I often think about her and wonder if there is anything else I could have done to help her crawl out of her life and into one she was worthy up, but in the end I think that she couldn’t change her way of thinking and truly believed the type of life she had was meant to be permanent. She is living somewhere now in a rundown apartment off of welfare with her young daughter who I believe will turn out exactly like her. She has no job because she doesn’t want to lose her food stamps and welfare, and she is back on drugs. My only hope in life is that somebody will be able to walk into her life and tell her daughter that she is smart, and capable of so much in life. I have learned from Cassie the value of celebrating a child’s little successes, and encouraging them to be something in life. It’s sad, but Cassie’s case of Learned Helplessness has taught me about promoting optimism, and I plan on spreading it to any children I come in contact with. References: Learned Helplessness (2001) Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence. Retrieved at: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0003/ai_2602000349/ Theory Name| Major Theorist(s)| Time Period Created| Key Theory Concepts| First Grand Theory: WILL| Socrates, Plato and Descartes| Ancient Greeks and 17th-18th centuries| Socrates and Plato literally broke down the concept into mind and body. Mind over matter. According to Plato there was a way to keep body in check. This could be accomplished by the will. In other words the will was in control of all aspects of intention both bodily needs and that which would be considered spiritual. Descartes was convinced that motivation was the will. He believed that the will was in charge of whether to act or not to act. Bodily needs pleasures, pain, impulses were just means to an end. Will had the ultimate say. He and other philosophers at the time were convinced that they had the answer. In the end the will turned out to be something of a mystery. In dealing with just the will to explain motivation, it just proved to be a purpose and it was not universal in its theory because some people had more willpower than others. | Second Grand Theory: Instinct| DarwinWilliam JamesMcDougall| 19th-20th Century| Darwin’s thoughts were dealing with the biology of mankind. His theory is still being dealt with today. Religions and scientists still trying to prove or disprove his theory. His main distinction was between animals and humans. Darwin took away the idea of will when he was able to show that animals were able to use their resources (motivation) to adapt to like humans. So in this sense the will was no longer an explanation of motivated behavior. James’ theory consisted of introducing stimulus into the picture. Reflex and instincts is what makes human motivation. McDougall took the research on a generation after Darwin. Once researchers embraced this idea the next thing to do was to identify the instincts. This became a daunting task. On top of that the instinct theory was exposed as circular. In other words, instinct theory failed because theorists were unable to determine if instincts really exist. | Third Grand Theory: Drive| Sigmund Freud Robert Woodworth Clark Hull | 20th Century| Freud, all behaviors were satisfying needs. Behavior serves bodily needs and drive acted as a guard or middleman to ensure that behaviors occurred when needed for comfort of the body. Satisfaction of the bodily need quieted drive. Freud’s theory was crushed due to three factors (1) overestimation of biological forces (2) overreliance on data taken from case studies of mentally ill individuals and (3) ideas that were not scientifically testable. Hull’s drive theory did had one thing the other will and instinct did not have and that was prediction. Drive came from environmental conditioning which marked the beginning of scientific study of motivation. If the answer to the environmental question could be answered as to the motivation created then, one would be able to manipulate or predict motivational states in the laboratory. Eventually though drive met its fate too. It was clear that drive reduction was neither necessary nor sufficient for learning to occur. Robert Woodworth: responsible for the so called â€Å"dynamic: interactional metaphor of nature vs. nurture. He saw the essential task of psychological investigation as ‘the give and take’ between the organism’s mentality and the requirements of its physical and social existence. According to the scientific world of the 21st century these thoughts are holding the discipline back. | Goal Setting| Locke| Late 1960s| Mini-theories represented attempts by researchers and theorists to focus on more and more specific aspects of behavior rather than to account for ALL motivating factors by relying on one single theory. As a result of this emphasis, mini-theories were developed to help explain some but not all of motivated behavior. For example, mini-theories might attempt to explain why a student is performing poorly in elementary school or why Mini-theories became popular because they focused largely on cognitive approaches to understanding behavior. They represented a reaction to the idea that humans are inherently passive. They also reflected a growing need for psychology to provide answers to questions that had important social implications or solved problems that were socially relevant. Edwin Locke’s Goal Setting Theory states that people who set goals for themselves will become motivated to achieve those goals, solely as a result of making those goals. Furthermore, those who set specific goals that are more difficult are able to achieve a higher level of performance than those who set easier and abstract goals. The Goal Setting Theory outlines five important principles of goal setting that motivates individuals and they are: clarity(measurable and unambiguous goals with a specific completion time ensure that there is no misunderstanding about what is required to reach the goal), challenge (difficult goals are often more motivating than easier goals), commitment (when there is a strong commitment to the goal, there is a higher level of motivation), feedback (it is important to provide opportunities for clarifying and reassuring), and task complexity (allowing time for people to achieve the goal or learn what is needed to achieve the goal). One important aspect of the goals is that they must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time bound (SMART). In 1975 the theory was scientifically proven by researchers Latham and Baldes. Common criticisms of this theory are that it is a technique rather than a theory, it can produce undesirable competition, and it emphasizes some aspects over others (quantity over quality). | Cognitive Dissonance Achievement Motivation Learned HelplessnessOthers? | FestingerAtkinsonSeligman| 1950s19641975| The Cognitive Dissonance Theory is based off of the idea of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is the uncomfortable feeling that arises from having two conflicting thoughts at the same time. Dissonance is referred to as the uncomfortable feeling and can often be projected as feelings of guilt, embarrassment or immorality. Dissonance can also be greater in some cases such as with big decisions or decisions that will have a great impact, decisions that are particularly difficult to solve (such as with two similar decisions), and decisions that are concerned with oneself. This theory states that when a person has these conflicting thoughts, then they will be motivated to resolve the conflict as humans tend to seek consistency within their thoughts. Often there are three ways that a person will resolve the conflict. They may change their behavior, justify their behavior by changing the conflicting beliefs to reduce dissonance (such as by reducing the importance), or justify the behavior by adding more beliefs that will reduce dissonance (such as focusing on strengths). It is important to note that one will be more likely to change their attitude or beliefs as there would be less dissonance involved, rather than changing one’s behavior. Atkinson’s theory states orientation is the result of two separate motives: the motive of achieving success and the motive to avoid failure. A persons motivation to achieve success depends on three factors: the need to succeed, the persons estimate of the ability to success and likelihood of succeeding, and the incentive for success. The motive to avoid failure shares the same three conditions, but in relation to avoiding failure. This theory has been criticized due to the fact that a persons needs must be known before behavior can be affected. The Learned Helplessness theory speculated after testing on dogs, that humans too learn to be helpless when placed in a situation in which their actions seem to not have an effect, leading to depression. It has been criticized for not distinguishing between universal and personal helplessness. | How to cite Learned Helplessness in the Workplace, Papers

Symbols and Symbolism in F. Scott Fitzgeralds T Essay Example For Students

Symbols and Symbolism in F. Scott Fitzgeralds T Essay he Great Gatsby Great Gatsby EssaysSymbolism in The Great Gatsby Symbolism is able to produce immense emotions. Fitzgerald applies symbolism to three of the most significant characters in The Great Gatsby to illustrate incisive sentiments. Fitzgeralds description of Tom Buchanans colossal house signifies Tom and his values. The red and white colors of the Buchanans mansion represent Toms personality. Red customarily exemplifies impurity and boldness, while white signifies Toms superior attitude towards other individuals. His red disposition is presented by the audacity of his exposed affair with Myrtle and his white character is portrayed through his racist comments throughout the book. A Georgian Colonial mansion signifies Toms racist personality due to the past history of the Southern states prejudices against African-Americans. We will write a custom essay on Symbols and Symbolism in F. Scott Fitzgeralds T specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Fitzgeralds diction of Colonial also expresses that Tom is old-money and was raised from a prep-school background, which alludes the reader that he is not a very open-minded character, but relies more heavily upon literary knowledge. The house is distinctly a portrayal of Tom and his bold, egotistical, racist, scholarly manner. Fitzgeralds usage of the green dock light symbolizes Gatsbys fantasies of Daisy. . ..he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone- he stretched out his arms toward his arms toward the dark water.. .and a single green light, that might have been the end of a dock.(26). Gatsby extends his arm and his very soul towards the green light, Daisy, for guidance and peace. This connection with the dock light allows Gatsby to be gratified while alone(189). If it wasnt for the mist we could see your home across the bayYou always have a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock(98). Although, Gatsby seldom comprehends Daisy he ceaselessly believes in her, similar to his incessant knowledge of the light. Gatsby occasionally understands her, but the majority of the time there is an obstacle in his way, such as the mist. The green light symbolizes Gatsbys persistent hope for Daisys acceptance, even during encumbrances. Gatsbys character is illustrated by his car. Fitzgerald states it was a rich cream colorand traced with a labyrinth of windshields that mirrored a dozen suns. ..(68). This depicts Gatsby as the new-money due to the rich cream color and a dozen suns, which indicates a golden hue. The gold represents earned money, rather than inherited money passed down through generations. she (Daisy) was very nervous and she thought it would steady her to drive Well, first Daisy turned away from the woman. ..and then she lost her nerve and turned back.. . Im just going to wait here and see if he tries to bother her about that unpleasantness this afternoon(151). Similar to how Daisy is able to turn the car any direction she pleases, Gatsby also permits Daisy to direct him. He remains faithful to Daisy, even to the perilous moments that precede to his death. Gatsbys sumptuous car represents Gatsby due to its beauty and its loyalty to the last second. Fitzgeralds use of symbolism is captivating and effective. It entitles the reader to meditate on his statements. When an individual reflects upon Fitzgeralds diction they detect meaning in the red and white Georgian Colonel house, the green dock light and an elegant car. It presents more material for the reader to examine and gain more understanding about the characters. Impulsively, these objects begin to symbolize significant characters emotions, such as Toms personality, Gatsby and his enduring love for Daisy and Daisys avarice.

Water Shortage essays

Water Shortage essays Water shortage and degradation is a growing concern for many countries including the United States. Drinking water protection is a big responsibility that involves government, business and individuals. Everyone has an important role in trying to protect the supply of water. Water is a vital necessity that all people need in order to survive. Without water, people could only go a few days to a few months before having serious health problems or even death. One of the major concerns regarding water is if there will be enough water for the demand within the next 25 to 50 years. With the help of agencies, scientists and experts, we as people may see that there will be a shortage of water in the years to come. Today in the world the leading cause of the water shortage is the rising demand for water for the industries and agriculture (George, 1). On the earth today there is no more freshwater than there was 2,000 years ago. Then the population was 3% of what it is today (Knight, 1). In 31 countries around the world that contains near a half a billion people face water shortage with the most severe being in the Middle East and Africa. By the year 2025 it is estimated that another 17 countries will be added to that list. Some researchers believe that also be the year 2025, 35% or 2.8 billion people will face shortage. There are different reasons and causes of what continues to cause a shortage of water. Some of the water is being contaminated with pollutants. Agriculture is the biggest polluter in which the pollutants come from the fertilizers and pesticides used on the crops. The industries and municipal pollutions are also a factor. In some countries 90 to 95% of all domestic and 15% of all industrial waste goes into the water without any treatment (Knight, 1) Water shortage is also caused by the large amounts of water that is used in homes across the world. The United States uses mo ...

Recycling Old Paper to Make Beautiful Handmade Paper

Recycling Old Paper to Make Beautiful Handmade Paper You can make paper from recycled scraps of just about any paper  you can find. By adding decorative items, such as petals, you can create beautiful personalized stationary. This is a fun craft that teaches about recycling while making a useful handmade product. Types of Paper You Can Recycle You can use pretty much any type of paper product for this project, but steer clear of waxed cardboard.   Construction paperPrinter paperMagazinesToilet paperPaper towelsPaper bagsNewspapers (will produce a grayish paper)CardstockNon-waxed cardboardNapkins Decorations There are many materials you can add to the paper for a decorative effect. You may wish to add flower or vegetable seeds to the paper, which can be planted. Flower petalsSeedsFine leaves or grassFoilString or yarnDryer lintFood coloring (for dyeing your paper)Liquid starch (to make your paper less-absorbent so that you can write on it with ink) Build a Frame While you can pulp your paper and make a rough product just by pouring it out and allowing it to dry, you can also form your paper into a rectangular sheet if you use a frame. You can make a frame by duct-taping an old piece of window screen onto a small rectangular picture frame. You could also staple the screening onto the frame to make the mold. Another option is to bend a wire coat hanger into a shape and slip old pantyhose around it to act as a screen. Make Your Own Paper You are going to pulp the old paper together with water, spread it out, and allow it to dry. Its that simple! Tear the paper (feel free to mix different types) into small bits and put it into a blender.Fill the blender about 2/3 full with warm water.Pulse the blender until the pulp is smooth. If you are going to write on the paper, blend in 2 teaspoons of liquid starch.Set your mold in a shallow basin or pan. You can  use a cookie sheet or a sink. Pour the blended mixture into the mold. Sprinkle in your mix-ins (thread, flower petals, etc.). Shake the mold from side to side, keeping it in the liquid, to level out your paper pulp mixture.You have few different options to absorb the excess water. You could remove the mold from the liquid, let the paper dry in the mold, without absorbing the liquid. You can also flip the paper  paper out onto your countertop and use a sponge to wick away excess water or you could press a cookie sheet onto the paper to squeeze out the excess liquid.

Event-Related Potential Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Event-Related Potential - Essay Example Often, the executive functions are invoked when it is necessary to override responses that may otherwise be automatically elicited by stimuli in the external environment. It forecasts with a potentially rewarding stimulus, such as a tasty piece of chocolate cake, the automatic response might be to take a bite. The neural mechanisms by which the executive functions are implemented is a topic of ongoing debate in the field of cognitive neuroscience.Experimental psychologists and neuroscientists have discovered many different stimuli. The timing of these responses is thought to provide a measure of the timing of the brain's communication or time of information processing. Due to the consistency of the external response to novel stimuli, a brain-computer interface can be constructed which relies on it by arranging many signals in a grid, randomly STUDIES AND RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS The ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) provides a satisfactory scale for accessing temporal evolution of the brain activity associated with cognitive processes in health and disease. However, momentary changes in brain activity, as reflected in EEG, are rarely exploited due to lack of analytical tools and methodology. The electrodes covering the parietal lobe typically measure the P300 signal most strongly. The presence, magnitude, topography and time of this signal are often used as metrics of cognitive function in decision-making processes. While the neural substrates of this ERP remain hazy, the reproducibility of this signal makes it a common choice for psychological tests in both the clinic and the laboratory. Although the EEG... This essay stresses that the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) provides a satisfactory scale for accessing temporal evolution of the brain activity associated with cognitive processes in health and disease. However, momentary changes in brain activity, as reflected in EEG, are rarely exploited due to lack of analytical tools and methodology. The electrodes covering the parietal lobe typically measure the P300 signal most strongly. The presence, magnitude, topography and time of this signal are often used as metrics of cognitive function in decision-making processes. While the neural substrates of this ERP remain hazy, the reproducibility of this signal makes it a common choice for psychological tests in both the clinic and the laboratory. This paper declares that the EEG signal is most strongly acquired around the parietal electrodes, interactions involving the frontal and temporal regions as well as several deep brain loci have been suggested. These components respond individually to different stimuli, and it has been suggested that the P300 originates from stimulus-driven frontal attention mechanisms during task processing. The P300 signal is an aggregate recording from a great many neurons In practice, the P300 waveform must be evoked using a stimulus delivered by one of the sensory modalities. One typical procedure is the 'oddball' paradigm, whereby a target stimulus is presented amongst more frequent standard background stimuli. A distracter stimulus may also be used to ensure that the response is due to the target rather than the change from a background pattern.

Reporting research results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reporting research results - Essay Example The method used to collect the statistics is also important as a sign of assurance on the credibility of the results(Creswell, 2008). Other factors include the region that the research focused on and the inhabitants of the region as per the research results. Consequently, the report should clarify on whether the results depict the answers of every statistic. The report should also explain the statistics which made up the research, but were not available during the study. In addition, the report should illuminate whether the act is a shortcoming or not. The other factor is the time during which the research took place. The various ways through which the research took place should also be a composition of the report. The sampling errors that are an attribute of the research should be put to the limelight. The frequent questions during the research should also be part of the report (Rocco T.S.,

Concepts of Mega Marketing

Concepts of Mega Marketing Is it possible to gain power over producers by reducing competition and utilising the techniques of what Kotler calls Mega Marketing? Is it possible to gain power over producers by reducing competition and utilising the techniques of what Kotler calls Mega Marketing? What forms of power might a supplier employ, and are there any risks in following this type of strategy? Suggest specific ways in which a supplier might achieve a competitive advantage through the general strategy of offering higher perceived value. The globalisation of trade and increasing competitiveness are issues of critical concern to businesses. The internationalisation of competition has created the reality that the competitive advantage of a wide variety of enterprises is declining. Changes in the marketing landscape have led to a concomitant re-examination and expansion of the underlying principles of marketing strategy. This essay explores some of these factors including the evolution of the marketing concept, domestic and global marketing challenges together with a discussion on generic strategies as a mechanism to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage through differentiation from a supplier perspective. Entry into one or many of the worlds 200 country markets is a function of the marketing strategy followed by a firm, and local country conditions. Marketing aimed at a national market (ie domestic marketing) faces a single set of competitive, economic and market issues across market segments including the tailoring of products to address export markets. International marketing is the next level of complexity whereby the firm becomes more directly involved in multiple marketing environments with adjusted market strategies as to how they sell, advertise and distribute to meet local conditions. Truly global marketing is achieved when a single strategy is followed for a product, service, or company in the global market that encompasses many markets or countries simultaneously. (Jeanette and Hennessy, 1998 and Kotler, 2000) The effects of globalisation and growth in competition may be beneficial to consumers and suppliers of goods and services given the potential for decreases in price and improvements in quality. The downside of global competition is its impact on domestic producers whose livelihood is threatened. Governments, and the local firms and constituencies that influence governments, can create barriers and uncompetitive conditions to limit foreign entrants to local markets. (Jeanette and Hennessy, 1998) The marketing oriented view of the marketing concept is that a firm bases its activities on the needs and wants of customers in an exchange relationship in selected target markets. Constraints in terms of the environmental milieu, such as laws, industry agreements and norms, influence marketing strategy. (Gronroos, 1994) This implies a balancing act to optimise production relationships to meet the ultimate customers needs and wants which become more complex in a multi-national or global marketing environment. McCarthys (1964) seminal marketing mix concept of product, price, place and promotion (4Ps) has equally evolved as different marketing mixes have been put forward for different marketing contexts including product versus service marketing and domestic versus global marketing. Work by Kotler (2000) suggests an adaptation to the marketing mix termed mega marketing as a strategy to enter blocked markets where discriminatory legal requirements, political favouritism, and cartel agre ements, social or cultural bias and unfriendly distribution channels exist. The model suggests an adversarial win-lose relationship rather than lean supply collaborative relationships in the value chain that recognise longer term interdependence. Cox (2004) argues that that win-lose relationships occur because buyers and suppliers misread circumstances and pursue inappropriate power and leverage strategies that reinforce an adversarial style. This may be especially true in a foreign marketing environment. Mega marketing is defined as the strategic co-ordination of economic, psychological, political and public relations skills to gain the co-operation of a number of parties in order to enter or operate in a given market. (Kotler, 1986, p117) By implication therefore, power and public relations are two extra Ps added to McCarthys 4P marketing mix concept. Kotler argues that the traditional marketers use of accepted theory is in itself an impediment to successful penetration of a blocked market and that it is not only penetration, but the retention of any market share by innovative methods that will ensure a sustainable competitive advantage for the firm. (Kotler, 1986 and Kotler, 2000) The use of power in this context is seen as a push strategy whereas public relations, is a pull strategy. Influencing public opinion has a longer lead time but its effectiveness in influencing the mindset of the constituency of the creator of the barriers to entry ensures a longer term success in the market. For example, firms may identify areas that will be positively affected by corporate social responsibility initiatives thus cultivating goodwill as part of a public relations initiative. (Zadek, 2001) The application of mega marketing principles differs further from traditional marketing in terms of higher investment costs, a mix of specialists to support the marketer and the use of power to achieve the firms objectives. The notion of inducement or reward as a means to achieve an end is common practice in a marketing environment. The use of coercive, legitimate, expert or referent power in order to influence on behalf of rather than over individual or grouping in order to achieve an end is less common. The use of coercion in an adversarial arms length hostile fashion to cause harm raises ethical issues, especially important in a world where good corporate governance is a critical success factor. The use of legitimate power through political intervention in favour of a foreign entrant is more likely to succeed as is the use of expert power where an exchange of funding for political campaigns, knowledge, or technical assistance in return for co-operation is used. Referent power and association with prestige in terms of the exchange can be equally effective. (Johnson and Scholes, 2002 and Schmitter, and Streeck, 1991) It is therefore the understanding and choice of appropriate power application in a given environment that determines an effective strategy in entering the market. The power structure of a target environment can be analysed by understanding of both the visible and invisible power actors. Power actors are agency or government and community stakeholders who have the capacity to take and effect decisions. The power actors may exercise power through pyramidal, factional, or coalitional structures. In a multilevel hierarchal or pyramidal structure, power is concentrated within a single, cohesive leadership group. In a factional structure, power is concentrated in two or more robust factions that are competing for power. In a coalitional structure, power is concentrated less strongly whereby actors and associations work together in fluid coalitions. An amorphous structure exists where power is diffuse, with little or no pattern of coalition building or centralised leadership. The inappropriate use of power or alignment with unsuitable power actors can damage the firms strategic outcome. (Keegan, 1999, Kotler, 1986 and Schmitter and Streeck, 1991) Und erstanding the power landscape in the context of the greater business and economic environment allows the marketer to plan a strategic intervention with the objective (for example) to gain power over producers and hence reduce competition. Kotler (1986) suggests that three broad power strategies can be followed: neutralise opponents by offering to compensate them for any losses, organise allies into a close coalition and hence reducing opposing collective power or turn neutral groups unaffected by the firms strategy, into allies. Licensing, joint ventures, and joint ownership represent alternative expansion strategies that depend on how the firm configures its value chain. Tactical implementation plans may be linear or multilinear depending on market requirements. The decision around the mechanism of entry into a market is an imperative that can minimise the risks associated with that entry and influence strategic advantage. (Kotler, 1986 and Kotler, 2000) Keegan (1999) argues that strategy is integrated action in pursuit of a competitive advantage. Understanding a firms unique value from a consumer perspective is the basis for ensuring that the competitive advantage is sustainable. The successful application of mega marketing principles to blocked markets to enable access will allow the firm to follow one of the two generic options developed by Porter that he identified as either leading in cost, or leading in differentiation. The first option encourages continuously growing competitiveness, while the second entails continuous quality improvement. Porter highlights the role of innovation as the capacity to generate knowledge and the key to building competitive advantage. The competitive scenario comprises inter firm rivalry impacted by the influence of suppliers and buyers threatened by substitutes or by new entrants to the industry. When describing the companys competition in relation to the competitiveness of nations, he identifies the companys strategy, structure, and rivalry as the source of competitive advantage. (Johnson and Scholes, 2002 and Keegan, 1999) The generic options translate into a matrix model with quadrants of cost leadership, product differentiation, focussed differentiation, and cost focus strategies. This allows strategic decision making with respect to the market scope and product mix within which a firms competitive advantage will be realised. For example, a policy of broad or narrow target market differentiation is appropriate if a firms product delivers actual or perceived uniqueness and quality in the eyes of the consumer. This may include better performance, superior design, or better fit with customer needs. Differentiation can be an effective strategy to defend market position and obtain above average returns through premium pricing. (Johnson and Scholes, 2002 and Keegan, 1999) Firms that succeed in a product differentiation strategy typically have internal strengths that include access to superior research and development capability, a reputation for quality and innovation, a skilled and creative product development team and a talented sales and distribution capability supported by a strategic marketing process that communicates and reinforces brand loyalty and the strengths of the product. Risks associated with this strategy are imitation by competitors and changes in customer tastes. Firms that succeed in a focussed differentiation strategy build on core competencies and concentrate on a narrow market segment in order to develop a high degree of customer loyalty as a barrier to entry to competitors. Although lower volumes increase the bargaining power of suppliers, cost increases can be more easily passed onto customers because product substitutes are not readily available. Few generic competitive advantages are long lasting and Hamel and Prahalad warn t hat the defence of existing of advantages is as important as the creation of future advantage. (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994 and Jeannet and Hennessey, 1998) In summary, the global marketing imperative to take advantage of opportunities for growth in an environment where protectionist policies inhibit expansion has led to an evolution of the traditional model of the marketing concept to include mega marketing as a mechanism to gain access to blocked markets. The successful entry into the market requires an understanding of the local environment and the application of power and public relations in order to gain competitive advantage throughout the value chain. Power over producers can be attained by reducing competition by means of a number of techniques by engaging the power actors through a researched power structure. At an industry level, the choice of entry mode could facilitate reduced competition based on alliances or collaborative business forms. An analysis and understanding of all risks associated with the selected strategy is essential, if a sustainable competitive advantage is to be achieved. As part of this approach, an applica tion of a differentiated generic strategy to the market may limit risk through premium pricing and reduce dependence on supplier costs. References Cox, A. (2004) The Art of the Possible: Relationship Management in Power Regimes and Supply Chains. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. Volume 9, 5. Gronroos, C. (1994) Defining Marketing: A Market Oriented Approach. European Journal of Marketing, Volume 28, 10. Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C. K. (1994) Competing for the Future. Boston, Harvard Business Press. Jeannet, J. P. and Hennessey, H. D. (1998) Global Marketing Strategies Fourth Edition. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy Sixth Edition. Harlow, Pearson Education. Keegan, W. J. (1999) Global Marketing Management. New Jersey, Simon and Schuster. Kotler P. (2000) Marketing Management, Millennium Edition. New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Kotler P. (1986) Megamarketing. Harvard Business Review Volume 81, 3. McCarthy, E. J. (1964) Basic Marketing. Homewood, Richard D Irwin. Schmitter, P. C. and Streeck, W. (1991) From National Corporatism to Transnational Pluralism. Politics and Society. Volume 19, 2. Zadek, S. (2001) The Civil Corporation. Sterling, Earthscan Publications.

“Me Talk Pretty One Day” by David Sedaris Essay

Write an essay (900-1200 words) in which you analyse and comment on David Sedaris’ essay â€Å"Me Talk Pretty One Day†. Part of your essay must focus on the writer’s tone and on the attitude to learning foreign languages that is explored in the text. Text â€Å"Me Talk Pretty One Day†, an essay by David Sedaris, 2005. The essay â€Å"Me Talk Pretty One Day† is an essay about a guy learning a foreign language, written by David Sedaris. The main character(David) moved from New York to France, to learn the language. As he first moved to France, he was excited. He would not mind talking to people and having a conversation with them on French, but that changed after he had his first class. The writer’s tone is calm. He does not seem as a guy who has any injustice towards anyone, basically he seems like a decent guy. But as he turns up at his first class, his appearance changes and so does his reflections. He does certainly not like his teacher. He mentions; â€Å"The teacher killed some time accusing the Yugoslavian girl of masterminding a program of genocide, and I jotted frantic notes in the margins of my pad.† The sentence â€Å"The teacher killed some time accusing the Yugoslavian girl† says something about his thoughts about her. By saying that she was killing some time of accusing a girl of something, he shows a negative side about her. He does not mention any good-related thing about her at all. He definitely dislikes his teacher, and he comments her ways of teaching, in his own mind. He explains how ignorant she is. He mentions that she accidentally poked a girl in the eye with a pen, but according to the teacher, it was the girls own fault. David, the writer does not want to be humiliated by her. As she â€Å"kills† time humiliating the other students. David wants to prepare himself for the worst case scenario, so that he might get the opportunity to not be humiliated and stepped on, in front of his new class-mates, and especially his new teacher. Ex; â€Å"I took to spending four hours a night on my homework, putting in even more time whenever we were assigned an essay. I suppose I could have gotten by with less, but I was determined to create some sort of identity for myself: David the hard worker.† He wanted to create a new identity for himself. He mentions the â€Å"hard worker†.

Music Is An Important Part Of The Entertainment Industry

Music is an important part of the entertainment industry, however, that is not its only use. Music has always been influential in society. Many times it has helped to start social and political revolutions, or musicians have written music about aspects of politics that they do not agree with. An example of the latter is the style punk rock, which bases its lyrics on complaints against those who control society, as the Sex Pistols did when they provoked riots against the Queen of England. One of the first radical changes in music that had a big influence on society was the birth of jazz, when musicians started to break away from the structure and rules of classical music, and decided to relay on improvisation. After the â€Å"jazz revolution† there have been many other changes, such as rock roll in the 50s. Music has the ability to contribute to social movements, even under the power of corporations that seek profit out of it and prefer having uninformed audiences. Socia l media is the best way of helping music that can make this happen become more popular in our current society. Jazz is the first musical genre derived from classical music that has made a radical change of this nature. The style of jazz relays on improvisation, which has been avoided in Classical music at all costs. It emerged in the USA at the beginning of the 20th century, so jazz is essentially American music. But in â€Å"What Makes â€Å"Jazz† the Revolutionary Music of the 20th Century and Will It BeShow MoreRelatedThe use of computer technology in entertainment1069 Words   |  5 Pagesin Entertainment. â€Å"The improvements in computer technology over the past decade have made video and audio streaming commonplace, making the computer a sophisticated and powerful entertainment medium† (Haupert, 2012, p.39). The use of computer technology is not limited to business, health, education and manufacturing industries but also widely used in entertainment and arts world. 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The Internet can be used in many different ways but entertainment has improved the internet’s popularity.Technology has provided use with more ways to entertain

Economic Growth Of The Republic Of Mauritius Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3598 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Background The Republic of Mauritius, advantageously located at the crossroads of investments in the Indian Ocean region, has benefited from surprising socio-economic growth with a huge economic growth averaging 5% for the past 20 years (Mauritius Bright Future; Grand Baie Trust). This is the result of wary economic governance support by sound business and financial infrastructure with a reputation of trustworthiness, competence and integrity. The Government initiated a wide range of incentive to attract investments, and as a result, the greater part of the Mauritian economy is accounted for. Mauritius has faced growth as an outstanding offshore financial service centre due to the fact that the legal and fiscal structure has been further strengthened through the performance of a series of up to date and user-friendly legislation and this fact is adding a new aspect to the economic prosperity of the country. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Economic Growth Of The Republic Of Mauritius Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Mauritius and DTTs According to information that is available from the Ministry of Finance, the first double tax treaty by Mauritius was by Germany and the year the treaty was signed dates back to the 1978 but it was ratified in 19901. As of this year, the number of treaties signed comes to 35 and a series of treaties are under negotiation. Most of the treaties are based on model conventions established by international organisations such as the OECD (organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) or the United Nations, where the former accounts mainly for the interest of industrialised countries and the latter for those of less developed economies. 1: Annex 3: Summary of the features of the double taxation avoidance treaties from the Ministry of Finance. The reason as to why the country started to sign DTTs is the same as other countries. That is, whenever funds are invested from one country to the other, the returns on investment are liable to taxation in both countries. The purpose of double taxation avoidance is to get rid of this double taxation between the two countries signatory of the treaty, this ought to be done without creating loopholes that permit tax evasion. In doing so, the treaty encourages the movement of capital and persons as well as boosting trade between the two countries. An argument similar to this was made by Dagan (2000), Radaelli (1997) and Gravelle (1998). The Indian Tax treaty had reinforced the coming of Mauritius as main channel for FDI into India. In 2002, the Indian tax authorities due to suspected abuses by Indian-resident investors questioned the treaty. However, after a string of impressive court hearing, the status quo was brought back. The Indonesian treaty lapsed for similar reasons on the 1st January 2005 after the Indonesian government informed the public about the termination in 2004. The matter was closed without any discussion regarding the issue The reasons given were that, allowing an assessment and evaluation of the implementation of the treaty, the Indonesian government has concluded that there was an abuse that was inflicting a loss upon Indonesia. The letter referred specifically to those foreign companies that are registered in Mauritius as Global Business Licence companies and to our domestic legislation that enabled them to obtain tax dispensation or nullification on their business Income from Indonesia, said the Government (source: www.lowtax.net/lowtax.html) Mauritius Reason of going for DTTS Most direct tax treaties were negotiated with FDI in mind (Manoj Pant Professor, JNU, 2006). Hence, one has a reason to believe that Mauritius went for DTTs for the same reason. Mauritius went for tax treaties so that investors investing in the country are comfortable. Treaties provide a structure for so that there is no or very minimal conflicts between the contracting parties. The treaties are also advantageous in the sense that it helps in signalling to investors that Mauritius is part of the international organisation and one can carry out business and investments there (Diane Ring(2006)). Another reason as to why Mauritius favours DTTs is so that companies may get some relief from taxation in both the country of origin and the country it is investing in. In addition to that, with the varying tax systems around the world, no taxation scheme can guarantee an impartial capital export or import regime. DTTs also reduce tax avoidance, tax evasion and other more or less legal tax-saving strategies such as transfer pricing. Mauritius and the offshore Jurisdiction Mauritius launched its global business sector in 1992 and has concluded several tax treaties since long before that. The Government has set up a wide choice of incentives to attract investment and consequently, while the agricultural sector used to lead, tourism followed by textile production makes up a huge part of the economy of Mauritius. The legal and fiscal framework has been strengthened through a series of modern and user friendly legislation being into practice. This fact has helped Mauritius rise as a prominent offshore financial services centre. Trends in the Mauritian Offshore sector On an international scale, the offshore industry has highly helped to bring forward the global financial structure. This chapter illustrates the activities, strengths and weaknesses of the offshore sector in Mauritius. It also depicts its role and growth throughout the last nine years. Definition In most countries, an offshore jurisdiction is often perceived as a conventional key to decrease disproportionate tax burdens levied on investors. According to the International Monetary Fund (June 2000), Offshore finance is, at its simplest, the provision of financial services by banks and other agents to non-residents. Worldwide offshore activities have been one of the various famous issues which had attracted the attention of the international standards involved in the international regulatory system. Over the years, Mauritius has diversified its economic activities from the sugarcane export through the manufacturing sector and has now become a nearly full-fledged offshore investment platform. Offshore business has been a useful tool for the financial integration of Mauritius and has greatly contributed to its economy. The Financial Services Commission outlined that Mauritius continued to develop as a world class financial services centre, focusing on high levels of service and international standards within a business-friendly and professional environment. The Mauritian offshore sector has been able to impose its well-defined status as a valuable business spot. History of the offshore sector In 1989, offshore Banking has been the start of the financial services in Mauritius when the first Offshore Banking Unit (OBU) was licensed. A governmental framework for non-Banking offshore institutions has been operating since 1992. At the time, the Mauritius Offshore Business Activities Authority (MOBAA) was launched to act as a regulatory body for all non-banking business activities. Ever since, the offshore companies and fund registrations grew swiftly. List 1 in Appendix details the activities that the MOBAA consent to. On May 15, 2001, the Financial Services Development Act was approved. It recognized the FSC as an institution reliable to perform all functions that were previously carried out by the MOBAA. Since then, the FSC has been motivated towards the consolidation of a flexible and robust regulatory environment for financial services. In August 2002, the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) has been established to fight against crime, alleged money-laundering and terrorism. The key opportunity which hugely helped to the development of the Mauritian offshore sector is the network of tax treaties, especially with India. Double taxation agreements provided striking features to Mauritius as an appealing investment prospect. Mauritius has now attained a number of 35 tax treaties with the rest of the world. Thanks to India which has been promoted as the 2nd most attractive global FDI location from the World Investment Prospects Survey 2008-2010 published by United Nation Conference, Mauritius is being seen as a flourishing fund administration. Types of companies operating in the offshore sector of Mauritius Offshore activities are carried out by various corporations in Mauritius which are explained below. The descriptions are largely inspired by FSC annual reports and the Income Tax Act. Global Business Companies Under the Financial Services Development Act 2001, a global business is defined as a corporation holding either a Category 1 or a Category 2 business licence. GBC1 According to the FSC, a GBC1 is a corporation which undertakes any activities listed in the Second Schedule of the FDSA 2001 which is carried on from within Mauritius with persons all of whom are resident outside Mauritius and which is conducted in foreign currency. If properly managed and controlled, a GBC1 might qualify as a tax resident and will take advantage of the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) network. This provides a golden opportunity for international tax planning. GBC2 If a private company does not conduct any business with the people residing in Mauritius and thus does not deal in Mauritian Rupee and is incorporated under the Companies Act 2001, then it is said to hold a Category 2 GBL. A GBC2 is non-resident by definition and thus cannot benefit from the network of DTAAs available in Mauritius. Better confidentiality being one of its main advantages, a GBC2 is very efficient in holding and managing private assets, given that the company is properly handled. Source: HSBC MAURITIUS: A GUIDE TO GLOBAL BUSINESS Since the initiation of the Global Business Sector (Offshore Sector), its evolution has been quite evident. The number of both GBC 1 and GBC 2 companies has been kept increasing as shown in the above figure of Evolution of Global Business Companies. COMPARISON BETWEEN GBC1 AND GBC2 GBC 1 GBC 2 ÂÂ   ÂÂ   TAX -15% (Effective 3%) -Exempt -No Capital Gain Tax -No Capital Gain Tax -No Withholding tax on dividends -No Withholding tax on dividends -Access to double taxation treaties -No access to double taxation treaties ÂÂ   ÂÂ   CAPITAL AND SHARES -No minimum required shared Capital -No minimum required Capital Shares -No bearer shares -No bearer shares -No par value shares allowed -Par value shares allowed ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Directors and Shareholders At least one director and one shareholder required At least one director and one shareholder required -No corporate director allowed -corporate director allowed -At least one director has to be from Mauritius Director does not have to be a resident of Mauriitus -Annual General Meeting Mandotory -Annual General Meeting Not Required ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Annual Account and Registration -Audited annual account to be filed with FSC -No preparation, filiing and publication requirements for annual accounts -Annual returns needs to be filed ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Requirements Qualified Company Secretary resident of Mauritius The company decides whether to have a resident secretary or not Registered Office in Mauritius to hold book and records Registered Agent in Mauritius to hold statutory books and records ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Others 7-15 days of incorporation period incorporation period of 5 days Continuation/re-domiciliation from/to another jurisdiction allowed Continuation/redomiciliation from/to another jurisdiction allowed May be active in banking, insurance, fund management and any activity involving public money Cannot be active in banking, insurance, fund management and any activity involving public money Protected cell companies (PCC) A PCC is a special type of offshore entity. It allows for the legal separation of assets attributable to each cell of the company whether it is owned by another company or a single person. The procedures for a PCC to be licensed and incorporated are the same as for a GBC1 and can also be converted into a normal GBC1. Trusts This type of offshore vehicle can be set up by either residents or non residents. They provide a legal and efficient way of securing ones asset. Trusts can take various forms; charitable trusts, discretionary trusts, purpose trusts or trading trusts. Qualified global business can be carried by a Trust after obtaining a GBC1 license. A trust may not be able to obtain a GBC2 licence. Socit The Code de Commerce Amendment Act of 1985 allows for the formation of a socit en nom collectif which can be translated as partnership and socit en commandite simple which can be translated as limited partnership. Both are used in order to control and plan investment in the global business sector. The Finance Act 1996 allows the socits to benefit from the DTAAs. OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING FDI No Corruption It is among the countries which have recorded a significant improvement in apparent levels of corruption, according to the 2010 Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International. Mauritius is ranked 39th out of 178 countries (source: https://www.transparencia.org.es), and is second in Africa, after Botswana. Corruption is not seen as an obstacle to foreign direct investment. Hence to keep up with the progress of FDI, the government must make sure that corruption is fully combated. Greenfield Investment Greenfield investment refers to the fact that companies from abroad (multinationals open up branches or subsidiaries in Mauritius. This acts as a capital inflow to the country, thus such investments may be encouraged to keep FDI sound. Evolving from employment quantity to employment quality Just going on creating employment is not enough to improve the states economic position. Quality of the employment provided also need to be considered. For example, just recently, the government started advertising about the number of job vacancies in different sectors, mainly in textile industry. This is employment quantity. There are many qualified persons, those possessing degrees in science, history and others, who are unemployed. Employment provided of these people would be employment quality. Economic upgrading Economic upgrading is important as a next step to industrial change. It is important to consider a countrys investment strategy. Developing the financial markets may help to attract FDI as the World Investment Report estimates that for every FDI dollar, 3 dollars are raised locally. The government also needs to upgrade existing FDI in medium term, that is, it needs to let firms think regionally, after establishing linkages, raise education levels, and tap niche markets. DOUBLE TAXATION TREATIES AND FDI IN MAURITIUS Developing countries sign double taxation treaties (DTTs) in order to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) (Eric Neumayer, February 2006). The same thing can be said in the case of Mauritius. The latter restricts its capability of taxing the income of foreign investors so that more FDI is the reward. If an international company is faced with double taxation, this can represent a hindrance to foreign investment. Through double taxation treaties, the incentives for investment are a low corporate tax rate or exemption from tax, exemption from customs and excise duties on imports of equipment and raw materials; exemption from tax on dividends and capital gains; a low rate of 5% registration duty for notarial deeds; free repatriation of profits, dividends and capital; and reduced tariffs for electricity and water. Even for Mauritius, the use of fiscal incentives (tax concessions, cash grants and specific subsidies) is standard just like other offshore jurisdictions. Mauritius sign s DTT for various reasons. Investors originating from the countries with which DTTs were signed invest in Mauritius, they benefit from the DTTs as the country provides them with safety measures and steadiness with regards to the issue of taxation. The country also commits to granting certain relative standards such as treating foreign investors better than national investors. Thus, this should be acting as motivation for them to put in funds in the economy. As a result, one would be expecting FDI to be quite high, both the inflow and outflow. https://www.ic.keio.ac.jp/en/download/jjwbgsp/2007/5_Mauritius.pdf DTT MAURITIUS.. TABLE Contribution of Offshore sector to the economy The Mauritian offshore sector has created a well-defined position in the domestic development. Since its establishment in 1992, it has continued expanding at a growing pace. In order to assess the impact of the offshore sector on the economy data from various reports of the FSC and the CSO will be analyzed. The data considered is based on four factors: 1. The contribution to GDP 2. The evolution in the employment levels 3. The growth of GBCs 4. The financial performance of NBFIs. 3.4.1 Contribution to GDP The link that exists between the offshore sector and the economy can be studied by considering the contribution of the financial services to GDP. GDP is defined as the grand total money value of all goods and services produced in an economy over a specific period of time. Table 1: Gross Domestic Product by industry group at current basic prices, 2000-2008 In the beginning of the millennium, textile was the predominant agent that added most to GDP; nevertheless, the above table shows that financial intermediation also has its share. In 2000, Financial Intermediation accounted for 9.6% of GDP and Textile represented 11.9%. However in 2008 the former represented 10.9% of GDP while Textile stood for 5.4%, or approximately half the value of Financial Intermediation. In nominal terms, Financial Intermediation grew by 150.2% in nine years from 2000 to 2008. This impressive growth is the result of attractive investment incentives and structuring offshore regimes. Financial Intermediation can be broken down into three parts; the Insurance sector, the Banking sector and other. The latter is believed to account for the offshore sector. As shown in the table below, financial services sector, whether it is banks, insurance or other, has continuously increased and led to constant GDP growth. Table 2: GDP by industry group at current basic prices. The share of the offshore sector in the GDP increased from Rs1950 millions in 2005 to Rs 2910 millions in 2008, which represents a nominal increase of 49.2% in only 3 years. This is due to the independence of the FSC and the liberalizing of the international Global Business Companies system in 2007. As from its establishment, the offshore business has not stopped expanding and contributed to the development of the economy. While in 2000 the offshore sector represented 0.82% of GDP, in 2008 it grew to reach 1.25%. Another way of analyzing the contribution of the offshore sector to GDP is by considering the sectoral growth rates of GDP. Table 3: Gross Domestic Product by industry group sectoral real growth rates (% change over previous year ), 2000 2008 The table above shows that contrarily to other sectors of the economy such as Sugarcane and Textile, Financial Intermediation sustained a positive growth rate from 5.8% in 2002 to 10.1% in 2008 and for most of these years the growth has been greater than those of the other sectors. In fact, the positioning of the island as a business hub, the competent human capital base and network of tax treaties continue to be the key tools to accomplishment of that sector. Table 4: Gross Domestic Product by industry group sectoral real growth rates (% change over previous year), 2005 2008 The table shows that the offshore sector has been performing very well for all these years, with an ongoing positive growth rate .The average growth rate of the offshore sector was 11.8%. This might be due to a good and strong supervision and efficiency from the part of companies. Employment Generation Another direct impact of the offshore sector is the striking job creation that an international financial center may provide for the natives. Table 5: Employment in financial intermediation As shown in the table above employment in Financial Intermediation keeps on increasing. Originally, the emphasis was focused on employment creation in manufacturing rather than expansion of a financial services centre; but this has progressively changed. From 2000 to 2008, the increase in employment was of 51.2%. The insurance sector is the largest employer in the non banking financial institutions. The figures presented above comprise of local and expatriate staff, but the sector depends more local staff than expatriates. In the offshore sector most of the people employed work in Management companies or in Corporate trustees. The share that Financial Intermediation represents in total employment also did not cease to increase during all these years. Growth of GBCs A useful indicator to identify the impact of the offshore sector to the Mauritian economy might be to evaluate the number of licences that have been granted allowing companies to operate in Mauritius. New companies help to develop innovative activities and expand the existing ones in the offshore sector. The table below shows that Mauritius has developed a niche industry in the increasingly competitive global business sector. The sector demonstrated a total of 36711 licensed GBCs in 2008. Throughout the years, the number of licensed GBC1 kept on increasing. Its growth rate was continuously positive. The number of GBC1 almost doubled in 2008 as compared to 2001. In 2008 there was a fall in the number of license granted to GBC2 from an 11.88% increase in 2007 to a 9.12% increase in 2008. This could be attributable to the financial crisis. Even though, it was predicted that the credit crunch would have no impact on Mauritius, it was found inevitable that its offshore sector would be hit as less foreign investors came to Mauritius. However, the average growth rate was maintained showing a strategy building exercise to face the numerous challenges. Table 6: Growth rates of GBCs Financial performance of NBFIs When considering the value of the assets and profits as well as the turnover of NBFIs, one can assess the impact that this sector has on the economy. Table 7: Financial performance of NBFIs As can be seen from the table above, whether it is for GBC, insurance or for other NBFIs, assets, turnover and profit kept on increasing. In two years time the assets of insurance companies in Mauritius increased by approximately 27.5% while the profits of GBC almost tripled. Though it is not present in the table, the total value of the assets of the NBFIs represents a very high percentage of GDP illustrating that Mauritius is now slowly diverging from its other sectors and emphasizing on Financial Intermediation which acts as a route for investment. Insert FDI CTRY ANALYSIS 3.5 Conclusion The various activities and evolution of the offshore sector have been targeted. The above figures in short reveal that the offshore sector as well as the whole of the financial services sector in Mauritius is in good health and is very likely to sustain it.